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Abstract: Statistical Process Control (SPC) is a data-driven methodology used to monitor, control, and improve processes by reducing variation, primarily through tools like control charts and process capability analysis.  Implementing SPC moves manufacturers from reactive, "after-the-fact" inspection to proactive prevention of defects .   SPC Implementation Steps Successful SPC implementation generally follows these steps: Identify Critical Process Parameters (CPPs):  Define which variables (e.g., temperature, weight, dimension) most affect product quality. Establish a Baseline:  Analyze the current process capability to determine if it is in a state of statistical control. Implement Control Charts:  Use X-bar and R charts or other, more sophisticated, charts to monitor process stability in real-time. Train Personnel:  Educate operators to identify and interpret out-of-control points to take corrective action. Continuous Monitoring and Action: ...

Abstract: Here is a complete, examination-oriented, and application-focused Chapter 16 , designed to consolidate learning and make the Electric Vehicles book academically complete. **Chapter 16 Case Studies, Numerical Problems, MCQs, and Review Questions** 16.1 Introduction Understanding electric vehicle (EV) technology requires not only theoretical knowledge but also practical application and critical analysis. This chapter provides real-world case studies, numerical problems, multiple-choice questions (MCQs), short and long answer questions to help students, researchers, and professionals reinforce concepts learned throughout the book. 16.2 Case Studies Case Study 1: Adoption of Electric Buses in Urban Public Transport Background: A metropolitan city introduced electric buses to reduce air pollution and fuel costs. Key Observations: Zero tailpipe emissions Lower operating costs compared to diesel buses Reduced noise pollution Challenges: High initial investment Charging i...