Chapter 11: Environmental Impact and Life Cycle Analysis of Electric Vehicles
Abstract: Electric Vehicles (EVs) generally have lower life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) , especially as electricity grids decarbonize, but their manufacturing, particularly batteries, creates higher initial impacts (metals, minerals, human toxicity). Key factors are the energy mix for charging (cleaner grid = lower impact), battery production efficiency, recycling/repurposing, and vehicle usage patterns. While EVs excel in reducing operational emissions, optimizing battery tech, grid cleanliness, and closing the loop on battery materials are crucial for maximizing their overall sustainability. Key Findings from Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) Production Phase (High Impact for EVs): Battery manufacturing (mining, processing materials like lithium, cobalt, nickel) significantly increases an EV's initial carbon footprint and demand for metals/minerals, making its production phase more i...