Chapter 16: Case Studies, Numerical Problems, MCQs, and Review Questions

Abstract:

Here is a complete, examination-oriented, and application-focused Chapter 16, designed to consolidate learning and make the Electric Vehicles book academically complete.

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**Chapter 16

Case Studies, Numerical Problems, MCQs, and Review Questions**

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16.1 Introduction

Understanding electric vehicle (EV) technology requires not only theoretical knowledge but also practical application and critical analysis. This chapter provides real-world case studies, numerical problems, multiple-choice questions (MCQs), short and long answer questions to help students, researchers, and professionals reinforce concepts learned throughout the book.

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16.2 Case Studies

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Case Study 1: Adoption of Electric Buses in Urban Public Transport

Background:
A metropolitan city introduced electric buses to reduce air pollution and fuel costs.

Key Observations:

• Zero tailpipe emissions

• Lower operating costs compared to diesel buses

• Reduced noise pollution

Challenges:

• High initial investment

• Charging infrastructure planning

Outcome:
Improved air quality and long-term economic benefits.

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Case Study 2: Electric Two-Wheeler Market Growth in India

Background:
Electric two-wheelers gained popularity due to rising fuel prices and government incentives.

Key Observations:

• High adoption among urban commuters

• Battery swapping models improved usability

Outcome:
Rapid growth in EV penetration in the two-wheeler segment.

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Case Study 3: Battery Recycling and Second-Life Applications

Background:
Used EV batteries were repurposed for stationary energy storage.

Benefits:

• Extended battery life

• Reduced environmental impact

• Lower energy storage costs

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Case Study 4: Autonomous Electric Vehicle Pilot Project

Background:
An autonomous EV fleet was deployed in a smart city zone.

Results:

• Improved traffic efficiency

• Enhanced passenger safety

• Optimized energy consumption

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16.3 Numerical Problems (With Solutions)

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Problem 1: Energy Consumption of an EV

An electric car consumes 15 kWh per 100 km.
Calculate the energy required to travel 250 km.

Solution:
Energy = (15 × 250) / 100 = 37.5 kWh

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Problem 2: Charging Time Calculation

A 40 kWh battery is charged using a 10 kW charger.
Calculate the ideal charging time (ignore losses).

Solution:
Charging time = 40 / 10 = 4 hours

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Problem 3: Operating Cost Comparison

Electricity cost = ₹6 per kWh
EV efficiency = 6 km/kWh

Cost per km = 6 / 6 = ₹1 per km

Compare with petrol car costing ₹8 per km.
Savings = ₹7 per km

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Problem 4: CO₂ Emission Reduction

An ICE vehicle emits 120 g CO₂/km.
Annual distance = 12,000 km.

Annual emissions = 120 × 12,000 = 1,440 kg CO₂

An EV produces zero tailpipe emissions → 100% reduction at use phase.

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Problem 5: Battery Degradation Estimation

Initial battery capacity = 60 kWh
Capacity loss after 5 years = 15%

Remaining capacity = 60 × 0.85 = 51 kWh

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16.4 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. The main contributor to the high initial cost of EVs is:
   a) Motor
   b) Battery ✔
   c) Charger
   d) Controller

2. Which charging type is fastest?
   a) AC Level 1
   b) AC Level 2
   c) DC Fast Charging ✔
   d) Wireless Charging

3. Which standard relates to EV functional safety?
   a) IEC 61851
   b) ISO 26262 ✔
   c) AIS-156
   d) OCPP

4. Regenerative braking primarily improves:
   a) Speed
   b) Safety
   c) Energy efficiency ✔
   d) Weight

5. V2G technology allows EVs to:
   a) Consume only grid power
   b) Charge wirelessly
   c) Supply power back to grid ✔
   d) Operate autonomously

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16.5 Short Answer Questions

1. Define an electric vehicle.

2. What is range anxiety?

3. State two advantages of EVs.

4. What is regenerative braking?

5. Mention any two EV safety standards.

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16.6 Long Answer / Essay Questions

1. Explain the working principle of a Battery Electric Vehicle.

2. Discuss the environmental benefits of electric vehicles using life cycle analysis.

3. Explain EV charging infrastructure and challenges.

4. Describe government policies supporting EV adoption in India.

5. Discuss future trends in electric mobility.

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16.7 Practical and Assignment-Based Questions

1. Compare the total cost of ownership of an EV and an ICE vehicle.

2. Prepare a report on EV adoption in your city/state.

3. Study a commercial EV model and analyze its specifications.

4. Design a basic EV charging layout for a college campus.

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16.8 Model Question Paper (Indicative)

Section A: MCQs (10 × 1 = 10 marks)
Section B: Short answers (5 × 2 = 10 marks)
Section C: Numerical problems (3 × 5 = 15 marks)
Section D: Long answers (3 × 10 = 30 marks)

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16.9 Learning Outcomes

After completing this chapter, learners will be able to:

• Apply EV concepts to real-world problems

• Analyze economic and environmental benefits

• Solve numerical problems related to EV performance

• Prepare for university and competitive examinations

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16.10 Conclusion

This chapter bridges theory and practice by presenting case studies, numerical problems, and assessment questions. It reinforces conceptual understanding, encourages critical thinking, and prepares learners for academic examinations as well as industry applications. Together with previous chapters, it completes a comprehensive learning journey into electric vehicle technology.