Appendix 2: Greener Roads: The Electric Vehicle Revolution

Greener Roads: The Electric Vehicle Revolution

Appendices

These appendices are designed to support academic learning, practical exposure, examination preparation, and industry relevance. They can be placed after Chapter 16 and before References.

Appendix A: Common Electric Vehicle Components and Specifications

A.1 Major EV Components

Traction motor
Battery pack
Battery Management System (BMS)
Inverter and converter
On-board charger
DC–DC converter
Thermal management system
Transmission (single-speed gearbox)

A.2 Typical EV Specifications

Parameter	Typical Value
Battery capacity	20–100 kWh
Motor power	50–300 kW
Driving range	150–500 km
Charging time (AC)	6–10 hours
Charging time (DC fast)	30–60 minutes

Appendix B: Battery Technologies Used in Electric Vehicles

B.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Types

LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)
NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt)
NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum)

B.2 Battery Performance Parameters

Energy density
Power density
Cycle life
Depth of discharge
Thermal stability

B.3 Battery Safety Features

Cell balancing
Thermal sensors
Over-voltage and under-voltage protection
Short-circuit protection

Appendix C: EV Charging Standards and Connector Types

C.1 Charging Levels

Level 1: Low-power AC charging
Level 2: Medium-power AC charging
DC Fast Charging

C.2 Connector Types

Type 1 (SAE J1772)
Type 2 (IEC 62196)
CCS (Combined Charging System)
CHAdeMO
GB/T

C.3 Communication Protocols

OCPP
ISO 15118

Appendix D: Safety Standards and Regulatory Bodies

D.1 International Standards

ISO 26262 – Functional safety
ISO 6469 – EV safety requirements
IEC 61851 – Charging systems

D.2 Indian Standards

AIS-038 – EV safety
AIS-156 – Battery safety
BIS standards for charging equipment

D.3 Regulatory Authorities

MoRTH (India)
ARAI
UNECE
IEC

Appendix E: Government Policies and Incentives (India & Global)

E.1 Indian Policies

National Electric Mobility Mission (NEMMP)
FAME-II Scheme
State EV policies

E.2 Global Initiatives

Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates
EU Green Deal
Net-zero targets

Appendix F: Environmental Impact Data and Emission Comparison

F.1 Tailpipe Emissions

ICE vehicles: CO₂, NOₓ, PM
EVs: Zero tailpipe emissions

F.2 Lifecycle Emissions Comparison

Vehicle Type	Lifetime CO₂ Emissions
ICE vehicle	High
Hybrid vehicle	Medium
EV (renewable grid)	Low

Appendix G: Autonomous and Connected EV Technologies

G.1 Key Technologies

LiDAR
Radar
Cameras
AI-based perception

G.2 Communication Types

G.3 Automation Levels

SAE Levels 0 to 5

Appendix H: Numerical Formulae and Useful Calculations

H.1 Energy Consumption

[
\text{Energy (kWh)} = \frac{\text{Distance (km)} \times \text{Consumption (kWh/100 km)}}{100}
]

H.2 Charging Time

[
\text{Charging Time (hours)} = \frac{\text{Battery Capacity (kWh)}}{\text{Charger Power (kW)}}
]

H.3 Operating Cost per km

[
\text{Cost per km} = \frac{\text{Electricity Cost per kWh}}{\text{Vehicle Efficiency (km/kWh)}}
]

Appendix I: MCQ Answer Key

(For Chapter-wise MCQs)

Appendix J: Model Laboratory Experiments (Indicative)

Study of EV motor characteristics
Battery charging and discharging experiment
Regenerative braking simulation
EV energy consumption analysis

Appendix K: Mini Project Topics in Electric Vehicles

Design of EV charging station
Battery thermal management system
EV energy management using AI
Comparative study of EV and ICE vehicles

Appendix L: Industry Tools and Software

MATLAB/Simulink
ANSYS
AVL Cruise
Autonomie
OpenModelica

Appendix M: Career Opportunities in Electric Mobility

Job Roles

EV design engineer
Battery engineer
Charging infrastructure planner
EV service technician
Policy and sustainability analyst

Skill Requirements

Power electronics
Embedded systems
Battery technology
Data analytics