Chapter 11: Tribal Culture and Traditions: Tribal Dances of Jharkhand

Chapter 11: Tribal Culture and Traditions

Tribal Dances of Jharkhand

Abstract:

There are various folk dance in the state of Jharkhand which are performed during harvest season, festival and social gatherings. Some folk and tribal dances in Jharkhand are Jhumair, Mardana Jhumair, Janani Jhumair, Domkach, Lahasua, Jhumta, Fagua, Paika, Chhau, Firkal, Mundari and Santali.

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Jharkhand, known as the land of forests, is home to diverse tribal communities, each possessing a rich cultural heritage. Dance and music are integral parts of tribal life, serving as expressions of joy, spirituality, and communal bonding. The tribal dances of Jharkhand are vibrant, reflecting their traditions, customs, and historical legacy. Among these, Chhau, Jhumar, Paika, and several other dances stand out for their unique forms, rhythmic patterns, and cultural significance.

11.1 Chhau Dance

Chhau is one of the most famous traditional tribal dances of Jharkhand, particularly prevalent among the Sadan and tribal communities like the Munda, Oraon, and Santal. It is a semi-classical martial dance that combines elements of folk and classical dance forms.

Features of Chhau Dance:

• Masks and Costumes: Chhau dancers often wear elaborate masks that depict mythological characters, deities, and animals. These masks are handcrafted by skilled artisans.
• Martial Art Elements: The dance includes acrobatic movements and combat techniques inspired by traditional warfare.
• Themes: Chhau performances narrate stories from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, along with local folklore.
• Musical Accompaniment: Instruments such as the dhol, shehnai, and nagada provide rhythmic beats, enhancing the energy of the dance.

Chhau dance is performed mainly during festivals like the Chaitra Parva, a spring festival celebrated with great enthusiasm in Jharkhand and neighboring regions.

11.2 Jhumar Dance

Jhumar is a graceful and rhythmic folk dance performed by the tribal and non-tribal communities of Jharkhand. It is mainly popular among the Kurmi, Munda, and Oraon tribes.

Features of Jhumar Dance:

• Dance Formation: Dancers form a circle or semi-circle while swaying gently in synchronized movements.
• Themes: The dance often expresses love, nature, harvest celebrations, and social harmony.
• Costumes and Ornaments: Women wear traditional sarees with colorful borders, while men dress in dhoti-kurta.
• Music and Instruments: The Jhumar dance is accompanied by melodious tunes from instruments like the nagada, bansuri (flute), and dhol.

Jhumar is performed during festivals, weddings, and social gatherings, symbolizing joy and prosperity.

11.3 Paika Dance

Paika is a warrior dance form that traces its origins to the ancient martial traditions of Jharkhand. It was historically performed by the Paikas, a community of warrior clans, to display their combat skills and bravery.

Features of Paika Dance:

• Martial Art Influence: The dance involves vigorous movements, swordplay, and shield maneuvers.
• Costumes: Performers wear traditional warrior attire, including turbans, metal armlets, and anklets.
• Instruments Used: The beating of drums and war cries create a charged atmosphere during the performance.
• Symbolism: The dance represents strength, valor, and the rich warrior heritage of Jharkhand.

Paika dance is performed during major festivals, fairs, and cultural programs to honor the legacy of tribal warriors.

11.4 Other Tribal Dances

Apart from Chhau, Jhumar, and Paika, several other traditional dances add to the cultural richness of Jharkhand.

Barao Dance:

• Associated with the Oraon tribe, it is performed during agricultural festivities and community celebrations.
• The dance signifies gratitude towards nature for a bountiful harvest.

Karma Dance:

• One of the most revered tribal dances of Jharkhand, dedicated to the Karma Devta (god of fate).
• It involves rhythmic steps performed in circles while singing traditional Karma songs.

Sarhul Dance:

• Celebrated during the Sarhul festival by the Munda and Oraon tribes.
• Represents the worship of nature, especially the Sal tree, which is considered sacred.

Domkach Dance:

• A wedding dance performed by both men and women.
• Known for its humorous and playful enactments, adding to the festivity of marriages.

11.5 Cultural and Social Significance

The tribal dances of Jharkhand serve various purposes beyond entertainment. They are deeply embedded in the region’s social, religious, and economic fabric.

• Preservation of Heritage: These dances preserve centuries-old traditions, folklore, and community values.
• Spiritual Connection: Many tribal dances are dedicated to gods, nature, and ancestral spirits, reinforcing spiritual beliefs.
• Social Bonding: They provide a platform for community gathering, strengthening unity and harmony among different tribes.
• Tourism and Economy: Tribal dance forms attract tourists and cultural enthusiasts, contributing to the state's cultural economy and artisanal livelihoods.

12. Conclusion

The tribal dances of Jharkhand are not just artistic expressions but a way of life that encapsulates the spirit of the land. Chhau, Jhumar, Paika, and various other dances highlight the cultural diversity, history, and social fabric of the region. Preserving and promoting these traditional dances is essential for sustaining Jharkhand’s rich tribal heritage for future generations.