Chapter 23: Application of Robotics: Medical Robotics (Surgical Robots, Rehabilitation Robots)

Prof.(Dr.) D G Mahto, Founder & CEO -
Abstract:
Medical robotics, encompassing surgical and rehabilitation robots, is transforming healthcare by enhancing precision, dexterity, and visualization in surgery, and aiding in patient recovery and mobility. 
Surgical Robots:
  • Enhanced Precision and Dexterity:
    Robotic systems like the da Vinci Surgical System allow surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater precision and dexterity, often through smaller incisions, leading to minimally invasive surgery. 
  • Improved Visualization:
    Robotic systems provide surgeons with enhanced visualization of the surgical site, allowing for better navigation and control during procedures. 
  • Applications:
    Robotic surgery is used in various specialties, including general surgery, urology, orthopedic surgery, and pediatric surgery, to name a few. 
  • Examples of Robotic Surgery:
    Appendectomy, colectomy, gallbladder removal, gastric bypass, hernia repair, hysterectomy, mitral valve repair, and pancreatectomy are some common robot-assisted surgeries. 
  • Benefits of Robotic Surgery:
    Reduced complications, less pain and blood loss, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times are some benefits of minimally invasive robotic surgery. 
Rehabilitation Robots:
  • Assistive Devices:
    Rehabilitation robots, like exoskeletons, assist patients in regaining mobility and functionality after injury or illness. 
  • Targeted Exercises:
    These robots can deliver targeted exercises and movements to specific areas of the body, aiding in rehabilitation and physical therapy. 
  • Examples of Rehabilitation Robots:
    The Lokomat (exoskeletal robot for hip and knee manipulation) and the Gait Trainer I and G-EO (end-effector robots for foot manipulation) are examples of rehabilitation robots. 
  • Benefits of Rehabilitation Robots:
    They can provide consistent and precise movement control, customize therapy plans, and reduce the burden on healthcare professionals. 
Other Applications of Robotics in Healthcare:
  • Telepresence:
    Robots can facilitate remote consultations and monitoring of patients, expanding access to healthcare. 
  • Logistics and Supply Chain:
    Robots can be used for transporting medications, supplies, and equipment within hospitals, improving efficiency. 
  • Cleaning and Disinfection:
    Robots can assist with cleaning and disinfection tasks, reducing the risk of infection. 
  • AI Integration:
    AI is being integrated into robotic systems to enable personalized treatment plans, data-driven decision-making, and autonomous operation. 

23.1 Introduction

Medical robotics is revolutionizing healthcare by enhancing surgical precision, improving patient rehabilitation, and assisting medical professionals in various tasks. These robots integrate artificial intelligence (AI), computer vision, and mechanical precision to perform complex medical procedures with minimal human intervention. This chapter explores the application of robotics in surgery and rehabilitation, highlighting their benefits, challenges, and future prospects.

23.2 Surgical Robotics

Surgical robots assist in performing minimally invasive procedures, increasing accuracy, reducing recovery times, and minimizing human errors.

23.2.1 Key Technologies in Surgical Robotics

  1. Robotic-Assisted Surgery (RAS):

    • Enhances surgeon precision through robotic arms controlled by a human operator.
    • Provides greater dexterity in confined spaces.

  2. Haptic Feedback and Tactile Sensors:

    • Allow surgeons to feel resistance during procedures, improving accuracy.

  3. AI and Machine Learning:

    • Assists in real-time decision-making and pattern recognition in surgeries.

  4. 3D Imaging and Augmented Reality (AR):

    • Provides real-time visual guidance for complex surgical procedures.

23.2.2 Applications of Surgical Robots

  1. Da Vinci Surgical System:

    • One of the most widely used surgical robots.
    • Enables minimally invasive procedures in urology, gynecology, and general surgery.

  2. Mazor X Stealth Edition:

    • Used in spinal surgeries for precise placement of screws and implants.

  3. Versius Surgical Robot:

    • Compact robotic system used in laparoscopy and other minimally invasive procedures.

  4. CyberKnife System:

    • Provides targeted radiation therapy for cancer patients.

  5. Robotic Endoscopy:

    • Technologies like the EndoMaster assist in minimally invasive digestive tract surgeries.

23.2.3 Benefits of Surgical Robotics

  • Higher Precision: Reduced human error and enhanced accuracy.
  • Minimally Invasive Procedures: Smaller incisions lead to quicker recovery times.
  • Reduced Surgeon Fatigue: Robots assist in long and complex procedures.
  • Better Patient Outcomes: Lower risk of complications and infections.

23.3 Rehabilitation Robotics

Rehabilitation robots help patients recover from injuries, disabilities, and neurological conditions by assisting with physical therapy and movement restoration.

23.3.1 Types of Rehabilitation Robots

  1. Exoskeletons:

    • Wearable robotic suits that assist individuals with mobility impairments.
    • Examples: ReWalk, Ekso Bionics, HAL (Hybrid Assistive Limb).

  2. Therapeutic Robots:

    • Used in physiotherapy to support motor function recovery.
    • Example: Armeo, a robotic arm rehabilitation system.

  3. Neurorehabilitation Robots:

    • Help stroke and spinal cord injury patients regain motor control.
    • Example: Lokomat, a robotic gait training system.

  4. Assistive Robots:

    • Help disabled individuals perform daily tasks.
    • Example: JACO robotic arm, controlled via voice or brain signals.

23.3.2 Benefits of Rehabilitation Robots

  • Personalized Therapy: Adaptive exercises based on patient needs.
  • Consistent and Precise Movements: Ensures repeatable, accurate therapy.
  • Faster Recovery: Encourages neuroplasticity and muscle memory.
  • Improved Patient Engagement: Gamification and interactive interfaces motivate users.

23.4 Challenges and Ethical Considerations

23.4.1 Technical Challenges

  • High costs of robotic systems.
  • Maintenance and software updates.
  • Complexity in robot-assisted rehabilitation exercises.

23.4.2 Ethical and Legal Issues

  • Patient safety concerns in autonomous robotic surgeries.
  • Data security and privacy issues with AI-driven systems.
  • Regulatory approvals and compliance with medical standards.

23.5 Future Trends in Medical Robotics

  • AI-Driven Surgery: Improved real-time decision-making and diagnostics.
  • Soft Robotics: More flexible and adaptable rehabilitation devices.
  • 5G and IoT Integration: Remote surgery and real-time patient monitoring.
  • Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI): Enabling direct mind-controlled prosthetics and exoskeletons.

23.6 Conclusion

Medical robotics is transforming healthcare by enhancing surgical precision and improving rehabilitation outcomes. While challenges exist, ongoing advancements in AI, machine learning, and robotics will continue to revolutionize patient care, making medical procedures safer and more efficient.

Prof. (Dr.) D. G. Mahto: A Visionary Director, Professor, Leader & Educator With over 25 years of excellence, Prof. (Dr.) D. G. Mahto is a Director, Professor, Philanthropist, HEI Builder, writer, consultant, reviewer, and career advisor at "Career Education for Success—Discover, Apply, Succeed!" He has empowered individuals, brands, and institutions through insightful content, innovation, and mentorship. Holding a Ph.D. in Engineering from NIT Jamshedpur, he has pursued Post-Doctoral Programs at IITs, NITs, and IIITs, reinforcing his expertise. A member of prestigious global organizations like NPA (USA), IET (UK), ASME, IAENG, and MRSI, he actively contributes to engineering, research, and education. An accomplished writer and researcher, he shares knowledge via Career Education Success Now, Career Edus, and Discover Knowledge Wisely. His vision integrates technology, innovation, and leadership, bridging gaps between aspirations and achievements. Connect with him for insights into education, research, and professional growth.

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