Chapter 10: Tribal Art, Handicrafts, and Festivals of Jharkhand
Abstract:
- Paitkar Paintings:A unique folk art style from the Dhalbhumgarh area, featuring intricate designs often depicting stories about origins.
- Dhokra Craft:A centuries-old lost wax casting technique used to create metal figurines, considered one of Jharkhand's most significant art forms.
- Khovar Art:Decorative wall paintings done by women during weddings, typically depicting auspicious symbols and narratives.
- Sohrai Paintings:Murals painted on mud walls during the Sohrai festival, often depicting nature motifs and geometric patterns.
- Kuchai Silk (Tussar Silk): High-quality silk produced primarily in the Kharaswan-Khuchai region of Jharkhand.
- Bamboo Crafts: Utilizing bamboo to create various utilitarian and decorative items.
- Woodcarving: Skilled woodcarving traditions producing intricate sculptures and decorative pieces.
- Tribal Ornaments: Ornamental jewelry crafted from beads, metals, and natural materials.
- Sohrai Festival:Celebrated with great enthusiasm, featuring the painting of Sohrai murals on house walls, signifying the arrival of harvest season.
- Other Tribal Festivals:Various tribal communities in Jharkhand also celebrate their own festivals with unique rituals and artistic expressions.
10.1 Introduction
Jharkhand, the land of forests, is home to a rich and diverse tribal culture. The state is known for its indigenous art forms, intricate handicrafts, and vibrant festivals that reflect the heritage of its numerous tribal communities. The artistic expressions of Jharkhand’s tribes not only preserve their traditions but also contribute to the state's cultural identity and economic development.
10.2 Tribal Art of Jharkhand
Jharkhand is known for its distinct tribal art forms, which are primarily wall paintings, scroll paintings, and body decorations. These art forms are deeply rooted in tribal rituals, mythology, and daily life.
10.2.1 Sohrai Art
Sohrai art is a traditional form of mural painting practiced by the tribal communities, especially the Santhal and Munda tribes. It is associated with the Sohrai festival and is created using natural pigments derived from clay and minerals. The paintings depict animals, birds, and abstract motifs, symbolizing prosperity and fertility.
10.2.2 Khovar Art
Khovar, or marriage art, is another significant form of painting found in tribal homes. Women create these paintings on the walls using combs or fingers. The artwork is monochromatic, often featuring black and white patterns depicting fertility symbols and natural elements.
10.2.3 Paitkar Painting
Paitkar painting, also known as scroll painting, is a storytelling art form prevalent among the Santhal and Paharia tribes. The paintings, made on paper or cloth, depict mythological stories, tribal folklore, and social themes using natural colors.
10.2.4 Jadopatia Painting
Jadopatia is a ritualistic painting tradition, often created by the tribal priests and shamans. These paintings are used in religious and healing ceremonies, portraying deities, spirits, and supernatural beliefs of the tribal communities.
10.3 Handicrafts of Jharkhand
Jharkhand’s tribal communities are skilled in various crafts, creating unique and eco-friendly products. The handicrafts of the state are not just utilitarian but also hold cultural significance.
10.3.1 Dokra Metal Craft
Dokra is a traditional metal casting technique using the lost-wax method. The tribals create intricate figurines, jewelry, and decorative items depicting animals, tribal deities, and human figures. These artifacts are highly valued for their rustic beauty and craftsmanship.
10.3.2 Bamboo and Cane Craft
Tribal artisans of Jharkhand use bamboo and cane to make baskets, mats, furniture, and household items. These products are known for their durability and aesthetic appeal.
10.3.3 Wood Carving
Wood carving is a significant craft in Jharkhand, with artisans creating idols of gods, masks, and decorative pieces. The tribal communities, especially the Oraon and Munda, are known for their exquisite woodwork.
10.3.4 Stone Carving
Stone carving has been a prominent art form in Jharkhand, with tribal artisans sculpting religious idols, temple structures, and decorative artifacts. The craftsmanship reflects the artistic excellence passed down through generations.
10.3.5 Lac and Shellac Work
Lac jewelry is another remarkable craft of Jharkhand, particularly among the women artisans. The bright-colored lac bangles, necklaces, and decorative items are widely popular in tribal markets and fairs.
10.4 Festivals of Jharkhand
Festivals in Jharkhand are deeply connected to nature, agricultural cycles, and tribal traditions. These celebrations are marked by music, dance, rituals, and communal feasts.
10.4.1 Sarhul
Sarhul is the most important festival of the Oraon, Munda, and Ho tribes, celebrated in spring. It is dedicated to the Sal tree, symbolizing the arrival of the new agricultural season. Tribals offer prayers, dance, and sing in honor of their deities.
10.4.2 Karma Festival
The Karma festival is observed by the Oraon, Munda, and Ho communities, celebrating nature and prosperity. The festival involves worshipping the Karma tree, singing, and performing the Karma dance.
10.4.3 Sohrai Festival
Sohrai is a harvest festival celebrated by the Santhal and Munda tribes. It coincides with Diwali and is dedicated to cattle and agricultural prosperity. The famous Sohrai paintings are created during this festival.
10.4.4 Mage Parab
Mage Parab is an important festival of the Ho and Munda tribes, dedicated to the spirits and ancestors. The festival includes traditional rituals, animal sacrifices, and community feasts.
10.4.5 Tusu Parab
Tusu Parab is celebrated during the Makar Sankranti period, mainly by unmarried tribal girls. It involves singing traditional songs and making colorful idols of Goddess Tusu.
10.4.6 Jani Shikar
Jani Shikar is a unique festival celebrated by the tribal women of Jharkhand. It is held once every twelve years, where women dress as warriors, reenacting ancient battles and tribal legends.
10.5 Conclusion
The tribal art, handicrafts, and festivals of Jharkhand are a testament to its rich cultural heritage. These traditions not only serve as a medium of artistic expression but also play a vital role in the socio-economic development of tribal communities. Efforts to preserve and promote these art forms can help sustain the indigenous identity of Jharkhand while providing livelihood opportunities for its artisans.
References
- Culture of Tribal People of Jharkhand: An OverviewThis article from ijrpr.org discusses the art and craft of the tribal communities in Jharkhand.
- Artisan tribes of JharkhandThis article from the UPSC website discusses the traditional crafts, festivals, and rituals of the artisan tribes of Jharkhand.
- Arts and Crafts of JharkhandThis article from MeMeraki.com discusses the tribal ornaments, Sohrai paintings, and other crafts of Jharkhand.
- Crafts of JharkhandThis article from Young INTACH discusses the various crafts of Jharkhand, including wood work, bamboo work, pitkar paintings, tribal ornaments, stone carving, and toys.
- A Study on the Bedia Tribe of JharkhandThis article from Shodhgangotri discusses the impact of digitalization and modernization on the Bedia community and their art.
- “Artisanal Clusters of Jharkhand”- Scope of Vocal for Local InterventionThis article from ijcrt.org discusses the black terracotta clusters in Jharkhand.
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