Chapter 2: Sentence Structure Subject-Verb Agreement: Matching the Verb Form to the Subject of a Sentence

2.1 Introduction

Sentence structure is the foundation of clear and effective communication in writing and speech. One of the most crucial aspects of sentence structure is subject-verb agreement, which ensures that the verb in a sentence correctly corresponds to its subject in number and person. Errors in subject-verb agreement can lead to confusion and make a sentence grammatically incorrect.

This chapter explores the principles of subject-verb agreement, common mistakes, and techniques to avoid errors. By mastering this concept, writers and speakers can enhance clarity, coherence, and professionalism in their communication.

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2.2 Understanding Subject-Verb Agreement

Subject-verb agreement means that a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb. This agreement maintains consistency in a sentence and follows grammatical rules.

2.2.1 Basic Rules of Subject-Verb Agreement

1. Singular subjects take singular verbs.
   • Example: The dog barks loudly.
2. Plural subjects take plural verbs.
   • Example: The dogs bark loudly.
3. A compound subject joined by 'and' takes a plural verb.
   • Example: Tom and Jerry are best friends.
4. A compound subject joined by 'or' or 'nor' agrees with the closest noun.
   • Example: Either the teacher or the students are responsible for the decorations.
   • Example: Either the students or the teacher is responsible for the decorations.

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2.3 Special Cases in Subject-Verb Agreement

Some sentence structures make subject-verb agreement more challenging. The following are common special cases:

2.3.1 Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects

Indefinite pronouns can be singular, plural, or both, affecting verb agreement.

• Singular indefinite pronouns take singular verbs:
  • Everyone enjoys the holidays.
  • Somebody is knocking at the door.
• Plural indefinite pronouns take plural verbs:
  • Few understand the importance of time management.
  • Many were invited to the event.
• Some indefinite pronouns can be singular or plural depending on context:
  • Some of the cake is left. (Singular)
  • Some of the cookies are missing. (Plural)

2.3.2 Collective Nouns

Collective nouns refer to a group acting as a unit or as individuals. The verb form depends on whether the group is acting collectively or individually.

• The team is practicing for the match. (The team as a single unit)
• The team are arguing among themselves. (The team members as individuals)

2.3.3 Expressions of Quantity

Words such as a lot of, plenty of, some, most, and half take singular or plural verbs depending on the noun they refer to.

• A lot of time is needed for preparation. (Time is singular)
• A lot of students are attending the seminar. (Students are plural)

2.3.4 Titles, Names, and Singular Subjects That Appear Plural

Some subjects appear plural but take singular verbs.

• The United States is a powerful nation.
• The news is surprising.
• Mathematics is my favorite subject.

2.3.5 Inverted Sentences

In sentences where the subject comes after the verb, subject-verb agreement still applies.

• There is a problem with the new policy.
• There are several issues that need to be addressed.

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2.4 Common Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement

Even proficient writers sometimes make subject-verb agreement mistakes. Here are some of the most common errors and how to avoid them:

1. Ignoring the true subject
   • Incorrect: The box of chocolates were on the table.
   • Correct: The box of chocolates was on the table.
2. Confusing singular and plural indefinite pronouns
   • Incorrect: Everyone know the answer.
   • Correct: Everyone knows the answer.
3. Misinterpreting collective nouns
   • Incorrect: The committee are deciding the next step.
   • Correct: The committee is deciding the next step.
4. Mistaking prepositional phrases as part of the subject
   • Incorrect: The group of students are studying in the library.
   • Correct: The group of students is studying in the library.
5. Overlooking subjects that seem plural
   • Incorrect: The news are shocking.
   • Correct: The news is shocking.

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2.5 Strategies to Ensure Correct Subject-Verb Agreement

To avoid subject-verb agreement errors, follow these strategies:

1. Identify the subject first – Ignore prepositional phrases and focus on the main subject.
2. Recognize tricky subjects – Be cautious with collective nouns, indefinite pronouns, and expressions of quantity.
3. Check for agreement in long sentences – A long sentence can obscure the subject-verb relationship.
4. Practice rewriting sentences – If a sentence seems confusing, try rewording it to ensure clarity.
5. Use grammar-checking tools – Tools like Grammarly and Microsoft Word can help detect agreement errors.

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2.6 Conclusion

Subject-verb agreement is a fundamental rule of grammar that ensures clarity and correctness in communication. By understanding and applying these rules, writers and speakers can construct grammatically sound sentences that convey their intended meaning effectively. Mastering subject-verb agreement enhances both written and spoken communication, making it a vital skill for academic, professional, and everyday use.

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This chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of subject-verb agreement, its rules, exceptions, common errors, and strategies for improvement. By practicing these principles, learners can significantly improve their grammatical accuracy and writing proficiency.